Native Americans – Their Story
I’m very interested in the history of Native Americans and in their current situation. As most of you will know, I assume, Native Americans still feel the results of government policies from decades and even centuries ago: from all the minority groups their suicide rates are the highest, unemployment rates same, alcoholism, badly educated, etc. On the other hand, of course, there is also a (small?) group of Native Americans who are successful today.
Because I’m so interested in this subject, I would like to spend more attention to it and publish at least one post on it in the (near) future. To do so, I have a question: if you’re (partly) Native American and would like to share your (family) history, please send me an e-mail. I would like to ask questions about your family history, about what you think of the different U.S. policies toward Native Americans throughout the ages, what you think of today’s policies, how your own life is, how your family ties have influenced and continue to influence your personal life, and how the current situation of Native Americans can be improved, etc. etc.
92 Responses to “Native Americans – Their Story”
As an englishman I have always been interested in the native american culture, not the hollywood version, I have also studied the limited history available, I would be interested in what real native americans have to say and how they respond to your request, trevor
Trevor: thanks for your comment and, yes, that’s what I’m most interested in as well.
Hopefully something good will come out of it.
I’m an American Studies student and, as such, Native American history is part of my education. I am able to publish the academical view on it, which I will do, but it would be absolutely magnificent to read the views of Native Americans themselves on this subject.
Michael, I read this post and thought, this guy aspires to be a polymath! But then your comments says you’re an American studies student, so I see where this interest comes from.
I can recommend a couple of movies: Little Big Horn, based on a book that might be better than the movie, which is itself quite good, and Dances With Wolves, which is seen by some as an exercise in liberal guilt but which at least represents an effort to provide a balance to the shoot-’em-up westerns of earlier decades.
JJC: thanks very much for the advice. I have never watched Dancing With Wolves, but I received an e-mail from someone: he recommended the movie as well. I will watch it ASAP!
Little Big Horn same of course!
Michael, I admire your courage in taking on such a task. I expect that if taken seriously and thoroughly it could well be a life’s work.
A couple suggestions.
First, make contact with as many of the First Nation cultural and promotion groups as you can find. Expand that into Canada as well.
Second, there are a number of NGO’s connected with First Nation peoples both within the US and Canada, and in the wider context of America/Asia/Pacific. There may well be opportunities for assistance from those quarters as well.
The very best of luck to you.
I’m surprised folks here don’t know any aboriginals. I know a fair bit on this subject…both in its historical as well as contemporary contexts.
MVG…you should know that the situations in the US and Canada are very different today. The US tended to relate to tribal groups on a nation to nation basis, while the Canadian system was highly paternalistic (Indian Act). Thus, today aboriginal rights in the US are generally much stronger and better defined in courts of law than in Canada.
The American history of contact is, however, far more brutal than the Canadian. As you delve into this, the horror stories of raids and counter-raids between settlers and Indians in the southwest would make your hair stand on end (both sides practised scalping, torture and mass slaughter as a matter of course).
Perhaps one of the best treatments Hollywood ever did of this relationship was John Ford’s “The Searchers” in which John Wayne tracks down his niece who was kidnapped by the Comanches. This was based loosely upon an infamous series of raids in Texas, in which Comanches killed a family, and tortured a pregnant woman over the course of days until her baby was born, whereupon they killed it before the mother’s eyes. The settlers mounted a counter raid in which they caught the tribe in its winter quarters, and slaughtered every man, woman and child they could find. This was a horrible scene as the women were trying to carry food with them and were struggling under the loads (without this food they would die within days on the barren plains in winter) as they were slaughtered by settlers on horseback. The scene of these women, vainly protected by their dogs, being slaughtered one by one is haunting.
In the course of this slaughter, the settlers found a white woman the Comanche had kidnapped years before who was the wife of a chief. She was returned to “civilization”. However, two of her children by the chief escaped, and one became particularly historically important in saving his people from totally decimination by a process of accomodation and negotiation with the whites.
“The Searchers”, far from a “shoot-em-up” is particularly troubling as John Wayne is represented as an extremely violent, almost psychotic person. When he finally encounters his niece, there is a moment when you don’t know if he is going to kill her too for living with the Indians.
One of the seldom mentioned consequences of this decimination of the aboriginal population is the loss of culture. It has been estimated that the oral histories/traditions etc. that still exist represent a fraction (perhaps 10%) of the original culture of North America aboriginals. Simply put, in a culture in which memory and stories are the receptacle of culture, if you kill enough people you kill the culture. The cultural loss since Contact has been enormous.
MVG…I am not doing a liberal rant here or anything. The Indian tribes were hardly innocent, and carried out brutal wars with each other long before the whites arrived. But the scale of loss is very sad.
Personally, I would avoid the “professional” Indians of many institutions/ngos. If you can find a cultural centre, they are often more human. However, they are highly suspicous of whites (and particularly of the condescension of professors, white liberals etc.). There is a cultural centre down the street from where I live. I don’t mean to generalize, as aboriginals are diverse as any group, but I enjoy the wry humor of their view of life. I went to see a comedy on urban Indian life there recently which was hilarious, with its representation of the ernest white liberals telling the Indians how to be “Indian”.
It is their effort to foster cultural survival despite the devastation that I find particularly admirable.
Sorry for the length of this comment. Good luck in your quest!
Probligo: I will try to do it as thoroughly as possible. In the end, it will (most likely) result in a couple of posts, published over time and, if it’s good, at last combined into one document.
Thanks for your advice and will do.
Yes very true and very sad.
I will also, indeed, spend attention to their culture, to their myths, stories, etc. Besides that, I might also use the Cherokee memorials (who tried to prevent deportation the legal way) as background, etc.
Our country was built on the backs of taking their land and massacring them and also on the backs of the slaves we stole from Africa. GO USA!!! *smh*
Our country was built on the backs of british and irish and german laborers. The Industrial north built the USA not the slave holding south. We didnt steal slaves from Africa they were sold by Africans to slave traders. When one tribe wanted another tribes land and they had more warriors they took it brutally. Case in point Black Hills was Crow land stolen by the butchers the Lakota. Keep watching Dr Quinn Medicine Woman.
Open Letter to Presidential Candidates:
By
Terrance H. Booth, Sr.- Tsimshian Tribe
Once again the presidential candidates go across the USA making their pitch to be in the White House representing the people of America. Yet for the real people of America, the Indigenous of America, the most forgotten and yet the most highly regulated people more then any group or race of this country; are the most highly regulated, given many laws developed specifically targeting the Indigenous of USA, more ordinances then any ethic group, more policies to govern our affairs , the most commissioned studies done to Alaska Natives and Native Americans; the Congressional Archives full of testimony after testimony given to the First President to the Current President of this Country called America with little or hardly any results to once and for all resolved the social and economic issues of Alaska Natives and Native Americans.
Our ancestors spoke to Spanish, French and English, territorial governors before there was formation of any states to speak to the way we are being treated in our own lands and our own settings. Ever since the first USA Census if anyone reads these reports no changes take place with poverty among the Alaska Native or Native American Tribes. Every ten years no changes take place for the elimination of poverty among America’s Indigenous population the Alaska Native and Native American Tribes. In fact, the nation’s leadership has not produced any legislation to eliminate poverty from among the Indigenous of America the Alaska Native and Native American populations. In fact, America cannot even eliminate poverty among its own people and in any city USA one can see the homeless begging for food or money.
Alaska Native and Native American Tribes have watch dog organizations in Washington, DC to make sure that their tribal sovereignty or tribal rights are not imposed upon and always in legal fighting mode to keep reminding the Federal Government of the Unique Status of Alaska Native and Native American and their “Government-to-Government,� relationship. “From its earliest days, the United States has recognized the sovereign status of Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1, 17 (1831). Our Constitution recognizes Indian sovereignty by classing Indian treaties among the “supreme law of the land,� and establishes Indian affairs as a unique area of federal concern. In early Indian treaties, the United States pledged to “protect� Indian tribes, thereby establishing one of the bases for the federal trust responsibility in our government-to-government relations with Indian tribes. These principles continue to guide our national policy towards Indian tribes.� (Department of Justice, Attorney General’s Office)
What is the Federal Indian Trust Responsibility?
The Federal Indian Trust Responsibility is a legal obligation under which the United States “has charged itself with moral obligations of the highest responsibility and trust� toward Indian tribes (Seminole Nation v. United States, 1942). It was first discussed by U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, (1831). Over the years, the trust doctrine has been the center of numerous other Supreme Court cases. It is one of the most important principles in federal Indian law.
The federal Indian trust responsibility is a legally enforceable fiduciary obligation, on the part of the United States, to protect tribal lands, assets, resources, and treaty rights, as well as a duty to carry out the mandates of federal law with respect to American Indian and Alaska Native tribes. In several cases discussing the trust responsibility, the Supreme Court has used language suggesting that it entails legal duties, moral obligations, and the fulfillment of understandings and expectations that have arisen over the entire course of dealings between the United States and the tribes. (http://aspe.hhs.gov/SelfGovernance/faqs.htm)
“The trust relationship evolved judicially and survived occasional congressional attempts to terminate the government’s obligations to Indians. In theory, the trust relationship exists to protect tribes and individual Indians. However, in practice, the federal trustee has at times not worked in the best interests of the intended beneficiaries,� according to attorney Larry Leventhal, writing for the Hamline Law Review. One way to conceptualize trust responsibility is to think of it as treaty responsibility, said Dennis King, an Oglala tribal council member. The federal government still has the responsibility to honor agreements and treaties, which is why it is important for Indians to be knowledgeable about the treaties that affect them.� (http://www.airpi.org/projects/trustdct.html)
Many Indians have been reexamining trust responsibility too, and finding that the federal government has not lived up to its principles. In just one example, the Bureau of Indian Affairs mismanagement and complete lack of accounting of funds has resulted in the disappearance of billions of dollars of Indian money. (http://www.airpi.org/projects/trustdct.html)
Reviewed by Cynthia G. Hawkins-Leon, New England School of Law. E-mail: cghleon@fac.nesl.edu
“The laudable goal of this book is to illustrate to the reader the disparate, unfair, and illegal treatment that American Indians individually and their tribes and nations as a whole have received throughout the history of both the colonization of North America and later the United States – for more than four centuries – while reinserting and strengthening an indigenous perspective in federal Indian policy and law. The authors hope that ultimately – after study of their careful analyses – governments (tribal, state and federal) will be better able to make informed decisions regarding the applicable federal doctrines (which up-to-now have been inconsistently interpreted and applied). The publisher orients the reader to the issue as follows: “The political rights and sovereign status of American Indian nations has variously been respected, ignored, terminated, and unilaterally modified by federal lawmakers. The ambivalent political and legal status that tribes endure under western law has created and reinforced a vacillating federal Indian policy.� The book’s title UNEVEN GROUND has a dual meaning referring both to the “inconsistency, indeterminacy, and variability� of federal Indian policy and the varied and ever-shifting relations of power among native and non-native groups. Therefore, indeterminacy and inconsistency are the hallmarks of the tribal-federal relationship.� (http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/wilkins-david.htm)
Q: What Is the Relationship Between Tribal and State Governments?
A: Because the Constitution vests authority over Indian Affairs in the federal government, generally, states have no authority over tribal governments. Tribal governments are not subordinate to state governments. They retain the right to enact and enforce stricter or more lenient laws and regulations than those of the neighboring state(s). Tribes possess both the right and the power to regulate activities on their lands independently from the neighboring state government. However, tribes frequently collaborate and cooperate with states through compacts or other agreements. The Tribal-to-State relationship is also one of a government to government. (http://www.cdc.gov/omh/TCP/PDFs/Indian101FactSheet.pdf)
‘State of Indian Nations’: Could be stronger
Posted: February 02, 2007
by: Editors Report / Indian Country Today
Promoting progress for an entire people is a difficult task. It requires resolute strength and unity among nations, a clear voice and direction from their leaders. After all, in Indian country people are not simply cogs within their collective political or geographical nations. That said, we give proper respect to the National Congress of American Indians for trying to be that clear voice.
NCAI’s address to the nations is important because it provides an opportunity to broadcast the vision of our senior leadership organization. We expect the address to report the strategy for legislative success and outline how this translates into a better life for Indian people. The address promotes tribal sovereignty by stating an agenda that demonstrates how Indian country can tackle the problems that confront us. This agenda must emerge from the participating nations of NCAI and clearly articulate what tribal leaders and community members can do to assist in the long term.
The fifth annual State of the Indian Nations address, given in Washington by NCAI President Joe Garcia on Jan. 25, provided a positive but broad – perhaps too broad – overview of the issues that are important, today, in Indian country. Within that category are the expressed components of the NCAI agenda: tribal governance, public safety, health, economic development, education and natural resource management. But what about these agenda items makes them not just important, but critical, to the welfare of Indian people? The address did not provide an apparent roadmap of our collective agenda, thereby passing up an important opportunity to give Indian people the conceptual tools needed for moving forward. This aspect is necessary because it may be the one chance all year that the intended audience is watching and listening – members of Congress, and Indian people, including leaders, media and community members.
In making an eloquent argument for a “strong� state of Indian nations, Garcia missed a few opportunities to draw attention to this year’s legislative agenda, to laud works in progress or to announce new initiatives that might build upon previous successes. He might have mentioned how NCAI will work with this new Congress, and perhaps, in two years, a new administration. Some creativity may have been needed to describe the many stalled legislative items awaiting reauthorization, but it is also time to begin a new dialogue and strategy based on economic development and resource management. Our leaders must remain mindful that we as Indian people are lifted by not only our past successes, but by our ability to imagine future achievements as well.
Addressing health care, which was “third of the six points on the agenda,� Garcia pointed out that “we came close to passage, but time ran out.� We all acknowledge the “importance of good health care in the U.S.,� but time did not simply run out after six years of bipartisan revision and negotiation of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. The situation is more serious than that.
Last-minute opposition from the Bush administration at the end of the 109th Congress blocked the health bill’s passage, further delaying its reauthorization and appropriations for the IHS. The anonymous objections raised by the Department of Justice, essentially implying an increased potential for liability of the United States through coverage of Indian program employees under the Federal Tort Claims Act, indicate a threatening breakdown in the fundamental understanding of the foundation of Indian health care. It is unclear how or when this matter will be settled in the new Congress.
Health facilities and resources in Indian communities are unequipped to face a burgeoning load of health issues, including disparities that NCAI describes as “massive� and we describe as unconscionable. Just a few examples from NCAI’s own reauthorization fact sheet: The infant mortality rate is 150 percent higher for Indians than for Caucasians; Indians are twice as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes; and health care expenditures for Indians are less than half of what America spends for federal inmates.
For Indian country to be strong of spirit, we need to candidly address the mental, physical and emotional health of the people and be able to do so with adequate resources. Students of the late teacher John Mohawk have heard that as our people die young, their cultural knowledge and experience cannot reach the next generations. The severing of this thread is a terrible disease in itself. A strategic push by tribal leadership organizations like NCAI is essential if the IHCIA reauthorization is to modernize health care services and delivery.
Tribes are encouraged by new Senate Indian Affairs Committee Chairman Sen. Byron Dorgan, D-N.D., who reaffirmed health care as a top priority at the start of his tenure in January, said NCAI Executive Director Jackie Johnson. Dorgan “knows and understand the treaty responsibilities and obligations,� and plans to make health care a priority, according to Johnson. As well, control of the Resources Committee rests with Rep. Nick Rahall, D-W.Va. For now, this committee remains the primary stage for Indian issues. Because Indian health and other pressing issues do not receive enough attention in the House, many Indian organizations, including NCAI, are persistently lobbying for a permanent Indian Affairs Committee in the House to provide an access point to the legislative process.
Another critical issue, Indian housing, was missing from the NCAI address. The housing bill, which amends the 1996 Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act, is now awaiting its reauthorization by the new Congress. It is a dangerous task to prepare a list of issues that is truly representative of all of Indian country, but we must acknowledge fundamental human rights. Meeting basic needs begins with adequate housing resources – training, assistance, ownership, et cetera. NAHASDA recognizes the ability of tribal governments to self-develop culturally relevant and affordable services to improve living conditions in their communities. There has to be stability in order to strengthen Indian communities, and this legislation helps to literally put a solid foundation under our feet.
On the topic of education, Garcia told of the need to equip Indian nations with necessary resources “to ensure that Native children are given the same opportunities in education that are afforded to their non-Native peers.� Expanding the Indian Head Start program is a goal; the bill is due for reauthorization, but has been stalled in the Senate since the last session. Funding for the readiness program for disadvantaged children has been steadily dwindling, each year limiting the number of eligible children who can attend. Perhaps this was discussed at the NCAI strategy session, held the previous night.
The State of the Indian Nations address alluded to President Bush’s No Child Left Behind initiative, also up for reauthorization this year. We’re not sure how “local control� in education, a Republican theme, plays out in Indian country, where schools are already at the mercy of limited state funding.
We agree that incorporating traditional and cultural messages into school curricula helps Indian youth achieve academic success. A major question is how new legislation like the Native American Languages Preservation Act will manifest itself in our schools and other learning environments. Garcia noted that revitalizing the language of a given community aids cultural continuity, but we think that the sustained, concerted effort to see this legislation through a lame-duck Congress deserves a mention during the nations’ highest address. But the legislative victory is just the first step. The next is to interpret its use in our tribal and community schools.
It’s important to end on a positive note, as Garcia did. The topics of economic development and natural resource management are fusing together more than ever. “Inseparable,� noted Garcia. This was a strong message to Indian nations, that we “recognize the importance of balancing natural resources and economic development with sustainable conservations principles.� Indeed, he mentioned tribes that are staying consistently on message, not just through words, but through their environmentally conscious actions and policies.
Indian nations are leading the way in reducing dependence on fossil fuels for their communities and regions. Initiatives that parlay alternative and renewable energy generation into good tribal economic policy are proving successful. This year’s agenda for tribes must include a communications component to get this positive message out to the American public. As the elder voice in environmental stewardship, we are doing our part to adapt to climate changes that affect the health of our Mother, the Earth. Indian people finally have the masses behind them in support of “green� policy. It’s time to find our voice and promote our philosophies of stewardship as a matter of strategy. In doing this, we will realize our greatest strength.
Communicating the singular vision of many people is a true test. We commend NCAI for its work on behalf of its membership, and look forward to hearing what contributions citizens of Indian country can make to our collective bright future.
It is time once and for all make our voices known through the voting polls of America!! Enough is enough for only peace meal answers and solutions. Every year we march to Congress to lobby for our needs and concerns and yet in some of our tribal areas we live in worse worst than third world conditions.
Recommendation:
1. Tribes are a few miles away from corporate American why not create TAX INCENTIVES TO OUTSOURCE TO NATIVE AMERICANS FOR SOME OF THEM HAVE INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL SITES WHERE AN BUSINESS CAN LOCATE ON TRIBAL LANDS.
2. Some of our Reservations have colleges or community colleges so we have a growing professional force in development. Instead of letting the Department of Interior handle our Trust Fund turn it over to tribes for among us are financial geniuses, financiers, bankers, professional business experts and we have the ability to better handle “our trust fund� then the federal government. Why not just turn it over to us so we can meet and once and for all completely eliminate our plight of social and economic failures under the federal government rules, regulations and policies.
3. We see American Dollars going to other countries and yet since the inception of this country America we have never been fully compensated for our loses. Yet we see America pouring dollars overseas to other countries to build their infrastructures and yet the wars against us American Indians and the taking away of our lands we have never been fully compensated. Yet we see American Dollars going to Iraq to rebuild over there and while us American Indians confronting poverty ever since the start of this Country America. Why have we not been brought up into parity in education, housing, health, social and economic well-being of all of our tribal people?
So the importance of voting is Congress approves or disapproves all of our tribal programs: Education, Social Services, Tribal Law and Order, BIA Housing, HUD Housing, Health Services and other health issues.
When a New President is elected the U.S. Senate has Confirmation Hearing of his Cabinet and many times American Indians suffer with these Appointees because we did not say yea or nay to the approval by writing to the U.S. Senator we elected or suppose to elect.
So Get OUT AND VOTE!!!! Your Native Voice needs to be heard and it is time to eliminate our social and economic plight once and for all!!!!
Further where do the Presidential Candidates stand on Alaska Native and Native American Issues? Do any of the Presidential Candidates have a National Alaska Native and Native American Advisory Committee? Do any of the Presidential Candidates have any Native American Liaison positions to brief or introduce them to the tribal leaders and tribal communities? Are any of the Presidential Candidates making use of the news media of Indian Country? For those that speak their Native Language any interpreters being recruited to speak the campaign promises to the Indigenous of America? What political appointees will be put into place once a President is elected? Will these political appointees of the President’s Cabinet favor or disfavor Alaska Native or Native American concerns and issues? What participation will Indian Country have during confirmation hearing of the US Senate when it is time to place them into office? Does Indian Country USA fully participate with the confirmation hearings of the US Senate when the President’s appointees face our Senators? Do we let our Senators know where we stand on these appointees?
Our Alaska Native and Native American voting does count in the Arizona Election it has a Democratic Governor because of the American Indian Voting. In Washington State a racist US Senator was voted out of office and replaced with a Democratic US Senator. We maybe small in voting numbers nation wide but targeting our votes where it counts is making an impact and our voice is slowly being heard. Let’s make a resounding voice as many tribes acting as one to put into place people who will actually acknowledge our social and economic plights and finally provide solutions instead of us battling let us be on the forefront of accomplishing solutions through a new presidential administration that is Native-Friendly. Your one vote can make it happen because of the wide range of candidates we can make the difference. Sign up to vote, vote and make a difference in the upcoming Presidential Election!!!
Voting by the Tribes has taken on a powerful meaning like in Arizona amid a Republican Stronghold state the Tribes put into office a Democratic Governor and State Attorney General. Across Indian Country in different states there are now 64 Native American State Legislatures. So this tells us their voting does count. In this upcoming election voting as a Native Bloc it will make a huge difference because of the high number of candidates. Why does it make a difference? Well with all the candidates running it means voting blocs make a difference on the outcome of the election. So those that failed to attend a presidential forum for the Tribes in California it will be remembered who did not attend and to us it means that there is no consideration for Native Voting or the available campaign contributions. So voting by the tribes especially in states that candidates battle over some of them happen to have a high number of tribes in those states. The tribes are not only flexing their political clout but have available campaign contributions as well.
Felt it important enough to add this posting because whoever is elected has much to do with what happens to Indian Affairs. Ever since the first president to the current president we are always in a battle stance or have a watchful eye to what policies are developed in our behalf. The president makes political appointments like the Secretary of Interior who has responsibilities over Indian Affairs. So who will the new president appoint and what kind of administration will we have governing our Indian Affairs? It is time we flex our political muscles and have direct involvement in the voting processes in both the primary and general elections. Even change tribal and school board elections on reservations to concur with state and federal elections for a higher turn out in voting. Native Voting does count like in the State of Arizona amid a Repubican Stronghold Tribes put into office a Democratic Governor and State Attorney General. And now in different States we have 64 Native American State Legislatures. So yes our voting does count and it seems our life and our existence hinges on who America puts into office of the president. So lets turn out in record number and vote in 2008.
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